Welcome to AP Chemistry Masterclass
Unit 0: Chemistry Foundations
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š» SI Units Conversion
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š» Scientific Notation
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š» Counting Significant Figures (Sig Figs)
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š» Sig Fig Rules for Multiplication and Division
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š» Sig Fig Rules for Addition and Subtraction
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š» Temperature Conversions
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š» Density
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š» Classification of Matter (Pure Substance, Element, Compound, Mixture, Homogeneous, Heterogeneous)
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š» Chemical vs Physical Properties
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š» Chemical vs Physical Changes
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š» Periodic Table Overview (Group, Period, Metal, Nonmetal, Transition Metals)
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š» Naming Molecular Compounds
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š» Naming Main Group Ionic Compounds
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š» Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals
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š» Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
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š» Naming Binary Acids
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š» Naming Oxyacids
Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties
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šÆ Unit 1 Skills Checklist
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š Unit 1 Notes
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š» Calculating Molar Mass
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š» Grams and Moles Conversion
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š» Grams, Moles, and Particles Conversion
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š» Calculating Mole Fraction
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ā [Progress Check] 1.1: Moles and Molar Mass
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š» Calculating Average Atomic Mass Given Percent Abundance
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š» Calculating Percent Abundance of Isotopes
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ā [Progress Check] 1.2: Mass Spectroscopy of Elements
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š» Mass Percent of Elements in Compounds
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š» Empirical Formula
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š» Empirical Formula to Molecular Formula
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š» Combustion Analysis
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š» Determining the Formula of a Hydrate
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ā [Progress Check] 1.3: Elemental Composition of Pure Substances
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ā [Progress Check] 1.4: Composition of Mixtures
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š» Number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
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š» Electron Configuration
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š» Aufbau's Principle, Hund's Rule, and Paul Exclusion Principle
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š» Ground or Excited State
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š» Effective Nuclear Charge
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ā [Progress Check] 1.5: Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration
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š» Photoelectron Spectrum (PES)
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ā [Progress Check] 1.6: Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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š» Ionization Energy
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š» Atomic Radius
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š» Ionic Radius
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š» Electron Affinity
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š» Periodic Trends Summary
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ā [Progress Check] 1.7: Periodic Trends
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š» How to Count Valence Electrons
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š» Charge of Ions
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ā [Progress Check] 1.8: Valence Electrons and Ionic Compounds
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š Practice Test
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š Progress Check Answers
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š Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 2: Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and Properties
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šÆ Unit 2 Skills Checklist
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š Unit 2 Notes
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š» Types of Bonds (Ionic, Nonpolar Covalent, Polar Covalent)
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š» Bond Polarity
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ā [Progress Check] 2.1: Types of Chemical Bonds
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š» Potential Energy Diagrams
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š» Lattice Energy
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ā [Progress Check] 2.2: Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy
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š» Ionic Compound Structure and Properties
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ā [Progress Check] 2.3: Structure of Ionic Solids
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š» Metallic Bonding and Alloys
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ā [Progress Check] 2.4: Structure of Metals and Alloys
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š» Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds
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š» Exceptions to Octet Rule
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ā [Progress Check] 2.5: Lewis Diagrams
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š» Resonance Structures
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š» Bond Order
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š» Formal Charge and Most Stable Structure
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ā [Progress Check] 2.6: Resonance and Formal Charge
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š» VSEPR: Electron Geometry and Molecular Geometry
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š» Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
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š» Hybridization
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š» Sigma and Pi Bonds
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ā [Progress Check] 2.7: VSEPR and Bond Hybridization
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š Practice Exams
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š Progress Check Answers
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š Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 3: Intermolecular Forces and Properties
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šÆ Unit 3 Skills Checklist
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š Unit 3 Notes
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š» Intermolecular Forces: London Dispersion, Dipole Dipole, Hydrogen Bond
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š» Intermolecular Force Trends and Relationships
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š» Which Substance Has a Higher Boiling Point?
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š» Which Substance Has a Higher Vapor Pressure?
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ā [Progress Check] 3.1: Intermolecular Forces
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š» Types of Solids: Ionic, Molecular, Network, and Metallic
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š» Properties of Solids of Ionic, Molecular, Network, and Metallic Solids
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š» Lattice Energy of Ionic Solids
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ā [Progress Check] 3.2: Properties of Solids
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š» Phase Diagram (Not Required)
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ā [Progress Check] 3.3: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
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š» Pressure Unit Conversions
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š» Reading Gas Manometer
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š» Gas Law Relationships
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š» Boyle's Law
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š» Charles' Law
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š» Gay-Lussac's Law
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š» Avogadro's Law
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š» Ideal Gas Law
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š» Combined Gas Law
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š» Gas Density and Molar Mass Problems
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š» Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
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š» Gas Density and Molar Mass at STP
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š» Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
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ā [Progress Check] 3.4: Ideal Gas Law
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š» Factors Affecting Gas Velocity
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š» Average Kinetic Energy (Temperature) vs Molecular Velocity
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š» Calculating Root Mean Square Velocity (Not Required)
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š» Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
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š» Graham's Law of Gas Effusion & Diffusion
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ā [Progress Check] 3.5: Kinetic Molecular Theory
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š» Real Gas vs Ideal Gas
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ā [Progress Check] 3.6: Deviation from Ideal Gas Law
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š» Molarity
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š» Calculating the Concentration of Ions
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š» Dilution
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ā [Progress Check] 3.7: Solutions and Mixtures
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š» Representation of Solutions
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ā [Progress Check] 3.8: Representation of Solutions
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š» Solubility Curve
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ā [Progress Check] 3.9: Separation of Solutions and Mixtures Chromatography
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š» Solubility: Likes Dissolves Likes
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ā [Progress Check] 3.10: Solubility
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š» Microwave, Infrared, Ultraviolet, and Visible Light
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ā [Progress Check] 3.11: Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
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š» Relationship between Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy
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š» Wavelength and Frequency Problems
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š» Energy Problems
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š» Photoelectric Effect
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ā [Progress Check] 3.12: Photoelectric Effect
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š» Beer's Law
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ā [Progress Check] 3.13: Beer-Lambert Law
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š Practice Exams
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š Progress Check Answers
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š Free Response Questions (FRQ)
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š Stoichiometry FRQ
Unit 4: Chemical Reactions
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šÆ Unit 4 Skills Checklist
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š Unit 4 Notes
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š» Physical Change vs Chemical Change
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ā [Progress Check] 4.1: Introduction for Reactions
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š» Balancing Chemical Reactions
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š» Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Reactions
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ā [Progress Check] 4.2: Net Ionic Equations
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š» Reaction Particle Diagrams
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ā [Progress Check] 4.3: Representations of Reactions
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š» Bonds vs Intermolecular Force Changes in Reactions
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ā [Progress Check] 4.4: Physical and Chemical Changes
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š» Gram to Gram Stoichiometry
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š» Determining Limiting Reactant
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š» Calculating Amount of Excess Reactant Remaining
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š» Actual Yield, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
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š» Gas Stoichiometry
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š» Solutions and Molarity Stoichiometry
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ā [Progress Check] 4.5: Stoichiometry
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š» Titration Calculations
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ā [Progress Check] 4.6: Introduction to Titration
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š» Types of Reactions
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š» Precipitation Reactions
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š» Oxidation Number
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š» Identifying Which Substance is Oxidized or Reduced
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ā [Progress Check] 4.7: Types of Reactions
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š» Acid Base Reactions
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š» Identifying Acid, Base, Conjugate Acid, and Conjugate Base
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š» Finding the Conjugate Acid of a Base
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š» Finding the Conjugate Base of an Acid
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š» Amphoteric Species
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ā [Progress Check] 4.8: Introduction to Acid-Base Reactions
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š» Oxidation Numbers
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š» Identifying Which Substance is Oxidized and Reduced
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š» Balancing Redox Reactions in Acidic Conditions
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š» Balancing Redox Reactions in Basic Conditions
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ā [Progress Check] 4.9: Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
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š Practice Exams
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š Progress Check Answers
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š Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 5: Kinetics
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šÆ Unit 5 Skills Checklist
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š Unit 5 Notes
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š» Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
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š» Calculating Rates of Reaction
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ā [Progress Check] 5.1: Reaction Rates
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š» Determining the Reactant Order Using Initial Rate Method
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š» Units of Rate Constant
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š» Differential Rate Law Practice Problems
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ā [Progress Check] 5.2: Introduction to Reaction Rates
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š» Integrated Rate Law
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š» Half Life
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ā [Progress Check] 5.3: Concentration Changes Over Time
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š» Reaction Mechanisms, Elementary Steps, and Overall Rate law
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š» Molecularity
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ā [Progress Check] 5.4: Elementary Reactions
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š» Collision Model
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ā [Progress Check] 5.5: Collision Model
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š» Energy Diagram & Energy Profile
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ā [Progress Check] 5.6: Reaction Energy Profile
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š» Reaction Mechanisms, Elementary Steps, and Overall Rate law
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š» Identifying Catalyst and Intermediates
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ā [Progress Check] 5.7: Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms
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ā [Progress Check] 5.8: Reaction Mechanism and Rate Law
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ā [Progress Check] 5.9: Steady State Approximation
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š» Multistep reaction Energy Profile
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ā [Progress Check] 5.10: Multistep Reaction Energy Profile
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š» Catalyst
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ā [Progress Check] 5.11: Catalysis
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š Extra Practice Problems
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š Practice Exams
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š Progress Check Answers
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š Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 6: Thermodynamics
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šÆ Unit 6 Skills Checklist
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š Unit 6 Notes
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š» Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
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ā [Progress Check] 6.1: Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
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š» Energy Diagrams
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ā [Progress Check] 6.2: Energy Diagrams
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š» Heat Transfer and Thermoequilibrium
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ā [Progress Check] 6.3: Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium
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š» Specific Heat Capacity (q=mCāT)
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š» Object Object Heat Transfer Problems
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š» Coffee Cup Calorimetry
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ā [Progress Check] 6.4: Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
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š» Heating and Cooling Curves
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ā [Progress Check] 6.5: Energy of Phase Changes
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š» Heat Stoichiometry
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ā [Progress Check] 6.6: Introduction to Enthalpy of Reactions
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š» Calculating āHĀ° with Bond Enthalpy
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ā [Progress Check] 6.7: Bond Enthalpies
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š» Calculating āHĀ° with Heat of Formation
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ā [Progress Check] 6.8: Enthalpy of Formation
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š» Calculating āHĀ° with Hess's Law
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ā [Progress Check] 6.9: Hess's Law
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š Practice Exams
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š Progress Check Answers
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š Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 7: Equilibrium
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šÆ Unit 7 Skills Checklist
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š Unit 7 Notes
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š» Introduction to Equilibrium
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ā [Progress Check] 7.1: Introduction to Equilibrium
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š» Rates and Equilibrium
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ā [Progress Check] 7.2: Direction of Reversible Reactions
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š» Writing Equilibrium Constant Expression (Kc, Kp, Keq)
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š» Converting between Kc and Kp (Not Required)
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ā [Progress Check] 7.3: Reactions Quotient and Equilibrium Constant
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š» Calculating the Equilibrium Constant K
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ā [Progress Check] 7.4: Calculating the Equilibrium Constant
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š» Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
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ā [Progress Check] 7.5: Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
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š» Equilibrium Constant Manipulation
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ā [Progress Check] 7.6: Properties of the Equilibrium Constant
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š» ICE Table Problems
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ā [Progress Check] 7.7: Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
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ā [Progress Check] 7.8: Representations of Equilibrium
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š» Le Chatelier's Principle
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ā [Progress Check] 7.9: Introduction to Le Chatelier's Principle
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š» Q. vs K (Reaction Quotient vs Equilibrium Constant)
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ā [Progress Check] 7.10: Reaction Quotient and Le Chatelier's Principle
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š» Writing Dissolution Reactions and Ksp Expressions
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š» Calculating Ksp from Molarity Solubility
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š» Calculating Molar Solubility from Ksp
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š» Determining Which Solid is More Soluble from its Ksp Value
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š» Will a Precipitate Form?
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ā [Progress Check] 7.11: Introduction to Solubility Equilibria
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š» Common Ion Effect
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ā [Progress Check] 7.12: Common Ion Effect
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š Practice Exams
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š Progress Check Answers
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š Equilibrium Free Response Questions (FRQ)
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š Ksp Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 8: Acids and Bases
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šÆ Unit 8 Skills Checklist
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š Unit 8 Notes
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š» Calculating pH, pOH, [OH-], and [H+] / [H3O+]
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ā [Progress Check] 8.1: Introduction to Acids and Bases
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š» Strong Acids vs Weak Acids
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š» pH of Strong Acids
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š» pH of Strong Bases
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ā [Progress Check] 8.2: pH and pOH of Strong Acids and Bases
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š» Writing Acid Dissociation / Ionization Reactions and Ka Expressions
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š» pH of Weak Acids
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š» Ka of Weak Acids
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š» Percent Ionization & Percent Dissociation of Acids
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š» Writing Base Dissociation / Ionization Reaction and Kb Expressions
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š» pH of Weak Bases
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š» Percent Ionization & Percent Dissociation of Bases
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ā [Progress Check] 8.3: Weak Acid and Base Equilibria
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š» Strong Acid Strong Base pH Calculations
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š» Weak Acid Strong Base pH Calculations
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š» Weak Base Strong Acid pH Calculations
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š» Is the Salt Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
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š» Calculating the pH of Salt Solutions
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ā [Progress Check] 8.4: Acid-Base Reactions and Buffers
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š» Strong Acid Strong Base Titration Curve
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š» Weak Acid Strong Base Titration Curve
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ā [Progress Check] 8.5: Acid-Base Titrations
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š» Structure Effect on Acid Strength
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š» Which Side Does the Acid Base Reaction Favor?
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ā [Progress Check] 8.6: Molecular Structures of Acids and Bases
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š» Comparing pH to pKa
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ā [Progress Check] 8.7: pH and pKa
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š» How to Create a Buffer
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ā [Progress Check] 8.8: Properties of Buffers
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š» Calculating the pH of a Buffer
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ā [Progress Check] 8.9: Henderson-Hasslebach Equation
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š» pH and Buffer Capacity
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ā [Progress Check] 8.10: Buffer Capacity
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š» pH and Solubility
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ā [Progress Check] 8.11: pH and Solubility
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š Practice Exams
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š Progress Check Answers
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š Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 9: Applications of Thermodynamics
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šÆ Unit 9 Skills Checklist
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š Unit 9 Notes
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š» Predicting the Sign of āS (Change in Entropy)
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ā [Progress Check] 9.1: Introduction to Entropy
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š» Calculating the āSĀ°rxn (Change in Entropy of a Reaction)
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ā [Progress Check] 9.2: Absolute Entropy and Entropy Change
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š» Calculating āGĀ° from āH, āS, and T
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š» Calculating āGĀ° from āGĀ°f Formation Values
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š» When is the Reaction Spontaneous (All Temp, High Temp, Low Temp, Never)
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ā [Progress Check] 9.3: Gibb's Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability
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š» Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control
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ā [Progress Check] 9.4: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control
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š» Converting Between āGĀ° and K
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ā [Progress Check] 9.5: Free Energy and Equilibrium
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š» Free Energy of Dissolution
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ā [Progress Check] 9.6: Free Energy of Dissolution
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š» Coupled Reactions
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ā [Progress Check] 9.7: Coupled Reactions
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š» Galvanic Cell Summary
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š» Electrolytic Cell Summary
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ā [Progress Check] 9.8: Galvanic (Voltaic) and Electrolytic Cells
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š» Calculating the Standard Cell Potential of a Redox Reaction
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š» Determine if a Redox Reaction is Spontaneous or Not
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š» Calculating āGĀ° of a Redox Reaction
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ā [Progress Check] 9.9: Cell Potential and Free Energy
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š» Calculating Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
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ā [Progress Check] 9.10: Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
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š» Electrolysis Stoichiometry (Time, Amps, Moles of Electrons, Mass, Charge)
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ā [Progress Check] 9.11: Electrolysis and Faraday's Law
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š Practice Exams
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š Progress Check Answers
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š Thermodynamics Free Response Questions (FRQ)
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š Electrochemistry Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Full Practice Exams
