Welcome to AP Chemistry Masterclass
Unit 0: Chemistry Foundations
-
💻 SI Units Conversion
-
💻 Scientific Notation
-
💻 Counting Significant Figures (Sig Figs)
-
💻 Sig Fig Rules for Multiplication and Division
-
💻 Sig Fig Rules for Addition and Subtraction
-
💻 Temperature Conversions
-
💻 Density
-
💻 Classification of Matter (Pure Substance, Element, Compound, Mixture, Homogeneous, Heterogeneous)
-
💻 Chemical vs Physical Properties
-
💻 Chemical vs Physical Changes
-
💻 Periodic Table Overview (Group, Period, Metal, Nonmetal, Transition Metals)
-
💻 Naming Molecular Compounds
-
💻 Naming Main Group Ionic Compounds
-
💻 Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals
-
💻 Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
-
💻 Naming Binary Acids
-
💻 Naming Oxyacids
Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties
-
🎯 Unit 1 Skills Checklist
-
📖 Unit 1 Notes
-
💻 Calculating Molar Mass
-
💻 Grams and Moles Conversion
-
💻 Grams, Moles, and Particles Conversion
-
💻 Calculating Mole Fraction
-
✅ [Progress Check] 1.1: Moles and Molar Mass
-
💻 Calculating Average Atomic Mass Given Percent Abundance
-
💻 Calculating Percent Abundance of Isotopes
-
✅ [Progress Check] 1.2: Mass Spectroscopy of Elements
-
💻 Mass Percent of Elements in Compounds
-
💻 Empirical Formula
-
💻 Empirical Formula to Molecular Formula
-
💻 Combustion Analysis
-
💻 Determining the Formula of a Hydrate
-
✅ [Progress Check] 1.3: Elemental Composition of Pure Substances
-
✅ [Progress Check] 1.4: Composition of Mixtures
-
💻 Number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
-
💻 Electron Configuration
-
💻 Aufbau's Principle, Hund's Rule, and Paul Exclusion Principle
-
💻 Ground or Excited State
-
💻 Effective Nuclear Charge
-
✅ [Progress Check] 1.5: Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration
-
💻 Photoelectron Spectrum (PES)
-
✅ [Progress Check] 1.6: Photoelectron Spectroscopy
-
💻 Ionization Energy
-
💻 Atomic Radius
-
💻 Ionic Radius
-
💻 Electron Affinity
-
💻 Periodic Trends Summary
-
✅[Progress Check] 1.7: Periodic Trends
-
💻 How to Count Valence Electrons
-
💻 Charge of Ions
-
✅[Progress Check] 1.8: Valence Electrons and Ionic Compounds
-
📝 Practice Test
-
📝 Progress Check Answers
-
📝 Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 2: Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and Properties
-
🎯 Unit 2 Skills Checklist
-
📖 Unit 2 Notes
-
💻 Types of Bonds (Ionic, Nonpolar Covalent, Polar Covalent)
-
💻 Bond Polarity
-
✅[Progress Check] 2.1: Types of Chemical Bonds
-
💻 Potential Energy Diagrams
-
💻 Lattice Energy
-
✅[Progress Check] 2.2: Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy
-
💻 Ionic Compound Structure and Properties
-
✅[Progress Check] 2.3: Structure of Ionic Solids
-
💻 Metallic Bonding and Alloys
-
✅[Progress Check] 2.4: Structure of Metals and Alloys
-
💻 Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds
-
💻 Exceptions to Octet Rule
-
✅[Progress Check] 2.5: Lewis Diagrams
-
💻 Resonance Structures
-
💻 Bond Order
-
💻 Formal Charge and Most Stable Structure
-
✅[Progress Check] 2.6: Resonance and Formal Charge
-
💻 VSEPR: Electron Geometry and Molecular Geometry
-
💻 Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
-
💻 Hybridization
-
💻 Sigma and Pi Bonds
-
✅ [Progress Check] 2.7: VSEPR and Bond Hybridization
-
📝 Practice Exams
-
📝 Progress Check Answers
-
📝 Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 3: Intermolecular Forces and Properties
-
🎯 Unit 3 Skills Checklist
-
📖 Unit 3 Notes
-
💻 Intermolecular Forces: London Dispersion, Dipole Dipole, Hydrogen Bond
-
💻 Intermolecular Force Trends and Relationships
-
💻 Which Substance Has a Higher Boiling Point?
-
💻 Which Substance Has a Higher Vapor Pressure?
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.1: Intermolecular Forces
-
💻 Types of Solids: Ionic, Molecular, Network, and Metallic
-
💻 Properties of Solids of Ionic, Molecular, Network, and Metallic Solids
-
💻 Lattice Energy of Ionic Solids
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.2: Properties of Solids
-
💻 Phase Diagram (Not Required)
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.3: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
-
💻 Pressure Unit Conversions
-
💻 Reading Gas Manometer
-
💻 Gas Law Relationships
-
💻 Boyle's Law
-
💻 Charles' Law
-
💻 Gay-Lussac's Law
-
💻 Avogadro's Law
-
💻 Ideal Gas Law
-
💻 Combined Gas Law
-
💻 Gas Density and Molar Mass Problems
-
💻 Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
-
💻 Gas Density and Molar Mass at STP
-
💻 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.4: Ideal Gas Law
-
💻 Factors Affecting Gas Velocity
-
💻 Average Kinetic Energy (Temperature) vs Molecular Velocity
-
💻 Calculating Root Mean Square Velocity (Not Required)
-
💻 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
-
💻 Graham's Law of Gas Effusion & Diffusion
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.5: Kinetic Molecular Theory
-
💻 Real Gas vs Ideal Gas
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.6: Deviation from Ideal Gas Law
-
💻 Molarity
-
💻 Calculating the Concentration of Ions
-
💻 Dilution
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.7: Solutions and Mixtures
-
💻 Representation of Solutions
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.8: Representation of Solutions
-
💻 Solubility Curve
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.9: Separation of Solutions and Mixtures Chromatography
-
💻 Solubility: Likes Dissolves Likes
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.10: Solubility
-
💻 Microwave, Infrared, Ultraviolet, and Visible Light
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.11: Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
-
💻 Relationship between Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy
-
💻 Wavelength and Frequency Problems
-
💻 Energy Problems
-
💻 Photoelectric Effect
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.12: Photoelectric Effect
-
💻 Beer's Law
-
✅ [Progress Check] 3.13: Beer-Lambert Law
-
📝 Practice Exams
-
📝 Progress Check Answers
-
📝 Free Response Questions (FRQ)
-
📝 Stoichiometry FRQ
Unit 4: Chemical Reactions
-
🎯 Unit 4 Skills Checklist
-
📖 Unit 4 Notes
-
💻 Physical Change vs Chemical Change
-
✅ [Progress Check] 4.1: Introduction for Reactions
-
💻 Balancing Chemical Reactions
-
💻 Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Reactions
-
✅ [Progress Check] 4.2: Net Ionic Equations
-
💻 Reaction Particle Diagrams
-
✅ [Progress Check] 4.3: Representations of Reactions
-
💻 Bonds vs Intermolecular Force Changes in Reactions
-
✅ [Progress Check] 4.4: Physical and Chemical Changes
-
💻 Gram to Gram Stoichiometry
-
💻 Determining Limiting Reactant
-
💻 Calculating Amount of Excess Reactant Remaining
-
💻 Actual Yield, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
-
💻 Gas Stoichiometry
-
💻 Solutions and Molarity Stoichiometry
-
✅ [Progress Check] 4.5: Stoichiometry
-
💻 Titration Calculations
-
✅ [Progress Check] 4.6: Introduction to Titration
-
💻 Types of Reactions
-
💻 Precipitation Reactions
-
💻 Oxidation Number
-
💻 Identifying Which Substance is Oxidized or Reduced
-
✅ [Progress Check] 4.7: Types of Reactions
-
💻 Acid Base Reactions
-
💻 Identifying Acid, Base, Conjugate Acid, and Conjugate Base
-
💻 Finding the Conjugate Acid of a Base
-
💻 Finding the Conjugate Base of an Acid
-
💻 Amphoteric Species
-
✅ [Progress Check] 4.8: Introduction to Acid-Base Reactions
-
💻 Oxidation Numbers
-
💻 Identifying Which Substance is Oxidized and Reduced
-
💻 Balancing Redox Reactions in Acidic Conditions
-
💻 Balancing Redox Reactions in Basic Conditions
-
✅ [Progress Check] 4.9: Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
-
📝 Practice Exams
-
📝 Progress Check Answers
-
📝 Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 5: Kinetics
-
🎯 Unit 5 Skills Checklist
-
📖 Unit 5 Notes
-
💻 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
-
💻 Calculating Rates of Reaction
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.1: Reaction Rates
-
💻 Determining the Reactant Order Using Initial Rate Method
-
💻 Units of Rate Constant
-
💻 Differential Rate Law Practice Problems
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.2: Introduction to Reaction Rates
-
💻 Integrated Rate Law
-
💻 Half Life
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.3: Concentration Changes Over Time
-
💻 Reaction Mechanisms, Elementary Steps, and Overall Rate law
-
💻 Molecularity
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.4: Elementary Reactions
-
💻 Collision Model
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.5: Collision Model
-
💻 Energy Diagram & Energy Profile
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.6: Reaction Energy Profile
-
💻 Reaction Mechanisms, Elementary Steps, and Overall Rate law
-
💻 Identifying Catalyst and Intermediates
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.7: Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.8: Reaction Mechanism and Rate Law
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.9: Steady State Approximation
-
💻 Multistep reaction Energy Profile
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.10: Multistep Reaction Energy Profile
-
💻 Catalyst
-
✅ [Progress Check] 5.11: Catalysis
-
📝 Extra Practice Problems
-
📝 Practice Exams
-
📝 Progress Check Answers
-
📝 Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 6: Thermodynamics
-
🎯 Unit 6 Skills Checklist
-
📖 Unit 6 Notes
-
💻 Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
-
✅ [Progress Check] 6.1: Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
-
💻 Energy Diagrams
-
✅ [Progress Check] 6.2: Energy Diagrams
-
💻 Heat Transfer and Thermoequilibrium
-
✅ [Progress Check] 6.3: Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium
-
💻 Specific Heat Capacity (q=mC∆T)
-
💻 Object Object Heat Transfer Problems
-
💻 Coffee Cup Calorimetry
-
✅ [Progress Check] 6.4: Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
-
💻 Heating and Cooling Curves
-
✅ [Progress Check] 6.5: Energy of Phase Changes
-
💻 Heat Stoichiometry
-
✅ [Progress Check] 6.6: Introduction to Enthalpy of Reactions
-
💻 Calculating ∆H° with Bond Enthalpy
-
✅ [Progress Check] 6.7: Bond Enthalpies
-
💻 Calculating ∆H° with Heat of Formation
-
✅ [Progress Check] 6.8: Enthalpy of Formation
-
💻 Calculating ∆H° with Hess's Law
-
✅ [Progress Check] 6.9: Hess's Law
-
📝 Practice Exams
-
📝 Progress Check Answers
-
📝 Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 7: Equilibrium
-
🎯 Unit 7 Skills Checklist
-
📖 Unit 7 Notes
-
💻 Introduction to Equilibrium
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.1: Introduction to Equilibrium
-
💻 Rates and Equilibrium
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.2: Direction of Reversible Reactions
-
💻 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expression (Kc, Kp, Keq)
-
💻 Converting between Kc and Kp (Not Required)
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.3: Reactions Quotient and Equilibrium Constant
-
💻 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant K
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.4: Calculating the Equilibrium Constant
-
💻 Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.5: Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
-
💻 Equilibrium Constant Manipulation
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.6: Properties of the Equilibrium Constant
-
💻 ICE Table Problems
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.7: Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.8: Representations of Equilibrium
-
💻 Le Chatelier's Principle
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.9: Introduction to Le Chatelier's Principle
-
💻 Q. vs K (Reaction Quotient vs Equilibrium Constant)
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.10: Reaction Quotient and Le Chatelier's Principle
-
💻 Writing Dissolution Reactions and Ksp Expressions
-
💻 Calculating Ksp from Molarity Solubility
-
💻 Calculating Molar Solubility from Ksp
-
💻 Determining Which Solid is More Soluble from its Ksp Value
-
💻 Will a Precipitate Form?
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.11: Introduction to Solubility Equilibria
-
💻 Common Ion Effect
-
✅ [Progress Check] 7.12: Common Ion Effect
-
📝 Practice Exams
-
📝 Progress Check Answers
-
📝 Equilibrium Free Response Questions (FRQ)
-
📝 Ksp Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 8: Acids and Bases
-
🎯 Unit 8 Skills Checklist
-
📖 Unit 8 Notes
-
💻 Calculating pH, pOH, [OH-], and [H+] / [H3O+]
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.1: Introduction to Acids and Bases
-
💻 Strong Acids vs Weak Acids
-
💻 pH of Strong Acids
-
💻 pH of Strong Bases
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.2: pH and pOH of Strong Acids and Bases
-
💻 Writing Acid Dissociation / Ionization Reactions and Ka Expressions
-
💻 pH of Weak Acids
-
💻 Ka of Weak Acids
-
💻 Percent Ionization & Percent Dissociation of Acids
-
💻 Writing Base Dissociation / Ionization Reaction and Kb Expressions
-
💻 pH of Weak Bases
-
💻 Percent Ionization & Percent Dissociation of Bases
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.3: Weak Acid and Base Equilibria
-
💻 Strong Acid Strong Base pH Calculations
-
💻 Weak Acid Strong Base pH Calculations
-
💻 Weak Base Strong Acid pH Calculations
-
💻 Is the Salt Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
-
💻 Calculating the pH of Salt Solutions
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.4: Acid-Base Reactions and Buffers
-
💻 Strong Acid Strong Base Titration Curve
-
💻 Weak Acid Strong Base Titration Curve
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.5: Acid-Base Titrations
-
💻 Structure Effect on Acid Strength
-
💻 Which Side Does the Acid Base Reaction Favor?
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.6: Molecular Structures of Acids and Bases
-
💻 Comparing pH to pKa
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.7: pH and pKa
-
💻 How to Create a Buffer
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.8: Properties of Buffers
-
💻 Calculating the pH of a Buffer
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.9: Henderson-Hasslebach Equation
-
💻 pH and Buffer Capacity
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.10: Buffer Capacity
-
💻 pH and Solubility
-
✅ [Progress Check] 8.11: pH and Solubility
-
📝 Practice Exams
-
📝 Progress Check Answers
-
📝 Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Unit 9: Applications of Thermodynamics
-
🎯 Unit 9 Skills Checklist
-
📖 Unit 9 Notes
-
💻 Predicting the Sign of ∆S (Change in Entropy)
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.1: Introduction to Entropy
-
💻 Calculating the ∆S°rxn (Change in Entropy of a Reaction)
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.2: Absolute Entropy and Entropy Change
-
💻 Calculating ∆G° from ∆H, ∆S, and T
-
💻 Calculating ∆G° from ∆G°f Formation Values
-
💻 When is the Reaction Spontaneous (All Temp, High Temp, Low Temp, Never)
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.3: Gibb's Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability
-
💻 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.4: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control
-
💻 Converting Between ∆G° and K
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.5: Free Energy and Equilibrium
-
💻 Free Energy of Dissolution
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.6: Free Energy of Dissolution
-
💻 Coupled Reactions
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.7: Coupled Reactions
-
💻 Galvanic Cell Summary
-
💻 Electrolytic Cell Summary
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.8: Galvanic (Voltaic) and Electrolytic Cells
-
💻 Calculating the Standard Cell Potential of a Redox Reaction
-
💻 Determine if a Redox Reaction is Spontaneous or Not
-
💻 Calculating ∆G° of a Redox Reaction
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.9: Cell Potential and Free Energy
-
💻 Calculating Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.10: Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
-
💻 Electrolysis Stoichiometry (Time, Amps, Moles of Electrons, Mass, Charge)
-
✅ [Progress Check] 9.11: Electrolysis and Faraday's Law
-
📝 Practice Exams
-
📝 Progress Check Answers
-
📝 Thermodynamics Free Response Questions (FRQ)
-
📝 Electrochemistry Free Response Questions (FRQ)
Full Practice Exams
